The table below shows the average rates of exchange in JULY 2018 together with comparable figures for other months. Averages are based on daily noon buying rates for cable transfers in New York City certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. COUNTRY CURRENCY July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 July 2017.AUSTRALIA DOLLAR 0.7403 0.7498 0.7525 0.7807 BRAZIL REAL 3.8221 3.7710 3.6316 3.1994 CANADA DOLLAR 1.3133 1.3125 1.2866 1.2690 CHINA, P.R.
Official URL: Item Type: Book Section Editors: Parmar, I, Miller, LB and Ledwidge, M Themes: Schools: Publisher: Routledge Refereed: Yes Series Name: Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy ISBN: 232 Funders: Non funded research Depositing User: Date Deposited: 16 Aug 2014 12:44 Last Modified: 10 Aug 2017 02:42 References: Stokes, D & Cox, M (eds.) (2012) US Foreign Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kolko, G (2006) The Age of War: The United States Confronts the World, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. Harvey, D (2003) The New Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press Brewer, A (1991) Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, London: Routledge. Rupert, M & Smith, H (eds.) (2002) Historical Materialism and Globalization, London: Routledge. Herman, E & Chomsky, N (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, New York: Verso Press. Blum, W (1986) Killing Hope. US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, Monroe: Common Courage Press.
William Domhoff, G (2001) Who Rules America?: Power and Politics in the Year 2000, New York: Mayfield. Download naruto shippuden english dubbed. Panitch, L and Gindin, S (2003) Global Capitalism and American Empire, London: Merlin Press. Gowan, P (1999) The Global Gamble: Washington’s Bid for World Dominance, London: Verso. Websites The National Security Archive provides a great deal of declassified documentation relating to US foreign and security policy, and its role throughout the world. Democracy Now! Is a national, daily, independent, award-winning news program hosted by journalists Amy Goodman and Juan Gonzalez. Pioneering the largest public media collaboration in the U.S., Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International are at the forefront of documenting the end results of various states security policies.
Their reports can provide excellent empirical material for research purposes. The Monthly Review has a good selection of critical analyses from a Marxist perspective. ZNet has a good selection of critical approaches.
References Ali, T. (2010) The Obama Syndrome: Surrender at Home, War Abroad, London: Verso. (2003) ‘The New Age of Imperialism’, Monthly Review, 55:3. Gallagher, J and Robinson, R. (1953) ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’ The Economic History Review, VI:1 Gowan, P. (2004) ‘Contemporary Intra-Core Relations and World Systems Theory’, Journal of World System Research, X: 2. Available at: Hardt, M & Negri, A.
(2000) Empire, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (2003) Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order, New York: Knopf. ‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism’.
Available at: Lynch, T. (2012) ‘Obama and the third Bush term: towards a typology of Obama studies’, International Affairs, 88: 5. (1969) The State in Capitalist Society, New York: Basic Books. Obama, B (2007) ‘Renewing American Leadership’, Foreign Affairs, 86: 4.
Poulantzas, N. (1978) Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, New York: Schocken Books. (2004) A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class and State in a Transnational World, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press. (1999) Thank God They’re On Our Side. The United States & Right-Wing Dictatorships 1921-1965, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, p.149. And Blimes, L.
(2008) The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict, New York: W.W. United Nations (2007) ‘Press Conference by United Nations Special Rapporteur on Right to Food’, 26 October. Available at: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2012) World Investment Report: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies 2012, New York & Geneva: United Nations. URI: Actions (login required) Edit record (repository staff only).
Overseas coverage presents the main entire review of America's position in foreign politics. Specialist members concentration in activate the old historical past, associations, neighborhood relatives, and modern concerns which are key to its overseas policy-making. The moment variation contains new chapters on Obama's use of clever strength and a debate at the nature of U.S. All chapters were up to date with very important advancements together with the consequences of the worldwide monetary concern, the on-going clash in Afghanistan, and political uprisings within the heart East. Incorporating priceless studying gains and an in depth accompanying web site, this is often the right textbook for college students of U.S. Overseas policy. The following assets for college students and teachers are available at the on-line source Centre: For students: - Interactive map detailing U.S.
Overseas coverage through region - Timeline of key occasions in U.S. International policy - a number of selection questions - net links For lecturers: - Essay questions - Seminar questions and activities Read Online or Download US Foreign Policy PDF Similar international affairs books. Nice Powers and neighborhood Orders explores the manifestations folks strength within the Persian Gulf and the bounds of yank impression. Considerably, this quantity explores either the effect folks family politics and the position performed through the sector itself when it comes to nearby coverage, order and balance. Good equipped and logically established, Markus Kaim and individuals have produced a brand new and detailed contribution to the sector that's appropriate not just to US coverage within the Persian Gulf but in addition to many different nearby contexts.
Description Critical and connected: brings together diverse political perspectives from the world's leading experts, giving students the tools to critically evaluate America's ever-changing role in international politics and to connect theory to real events. About the Author(s) Edited by Michael Cox, Professor Emeritus of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science, and Doug Stokes, Professor of International Relations, University of Exeter Michael Cox is Professor Emeritus of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Director of LSE IDEAS - the top ranked university affiliated Think Tank in Europe.
The author and editor of over 25 books including major studies on E.H.Carr, the end of the Cold War and US Foreign policy, his more recent work has focused on challenging what he thinks are the three myths of our time: the notion that the 21st century will be Asian, the now widespread view that the decline of the United States is inevitable, and the associated belief that we are moving into a post- western world order. Doug Stokes is Professor of International Relations and Director of the Centre for Advanced International Studies and Faculty Director of Post-Graduate Research at the University of Exeter. He specializes in US foreign policy, international security and debates on grand strategy and has published a number of books, journal articles and book chapters in these areas. Professor Stokes has also advised and presented his research to a range of UK government organisations and agencies and is Senior Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute, a leading defence think tank based in Whitehall.
1 Michael Cox and Doug Stokes, eds. US Foreign Policy, 2nd Edition 2 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
3John Bloxham 4 University of Nottingham 5 Many readers of this review will already be familiar with the first edition of this work, which is a staple of university libraries and undergraduate reading lists. For that reason, this review will provide only a brief summary of the overall text, discussing those chapters considered especially useful or problematic, before focusing upon the changes that have been made for the second edition. 6 In terms of structure, the introduction is followed by a chapter on the theories underpinning US foreign policy and another chapter on the vexed issue of American exceptionalism. The remaining twentyone chapters are organized into five sections: “Historical Contexts,” “Institutions and Processes,” “The United States and the World,” “Key Issues” and “Futures and Scenarios.” A number of features make this textbook particularly useful for teaching undergraduates. The text is frequently accompanied by timelines, maps, questions and information boxes to encourage students to stop and think (for example, “Key Quotes,” “Major Debates,” “Key Points”), and the book comes with access to a complementary website. This website contains separate student and lecturer sections.
The lecturer resources, including seminar activities and essay questions, should prove popular with module convenors. The interactive map, which merely opens a PDF document when a particular region is clicked on, is not especially interactive; however, each document provides a useful summary of US policy towards that region and a selection of website links which go some way to making up for the paucity of 'further reading' suggestions in the book.
7 According to the introduction, the work focuses on five broad and interrelated themes: the necessity for using history to understand contemporary debates, the relationship between short and long-term goals, the power exerted by the domestic sphere in shaping foreign policy, the fact that America is “too important to be ignored” (Cox and Stokes 2012: 4), and the need to maintain critical balance when assessing US foreign policy. Putting aside the question of whether “balance” really counts as a theme, it is nonetheless a laudable effort, particularly following the often absurd levels of vitriolic partisanship which often stood in for foreign policy analysis during the Bush Jr. The editors maintain this balance in their introduction, and it also works well in chapters dealing with theoretical debates, when both sides of an issue are often represented; however, it is less successful when the book turns to matters of historical context.
For example, the “American exceptionalism” chapter (Daniel Deudney) is full of unexamined over-generalisations (e.g. Neoconservatives were “intoxicated with power and righteousness,” 22). This would be fine if other chapters provided opposing perspectives, but this is not really true. Kennedy-Pipe’s chapter, “American foreign policy after 9/11,” is another noticeably polemical inclusion. It is essentially a defence of the Obama years and a critique of the Bush years. It contains a very limited discussion of the neoconservatives, including a definition box (382) making the erroneous claim that their thought is “based on the thinking of Irving Kristol” (in reality, he was one of a number of early neoconservative thinkers, many of whom disagreed with one another on important issues). “Theories of US foreign policy” by Brian Schmidt gives an especially good overview of competing theories; however, like most chapters in the book, the section on “further reading” is extremely limited.
This is clearly an intentional attempt to make sure that undergraduates are not overwhelmed with information; however, it does not quite strike the right balance between breadth of coverage and concision. Yes, pages and pages of bibliography after each chapter would be intimidating; but providing only a handful of works for further research severely limits the scope for students to delve deeper into topics which such a survey work can only cover superficially. 8 All chapters have been updated to include discussion of the early years of the Obama presidency, but the remainder of this review will focus upon the major additions that have been made for the second edition.
Two new chapters have been added, a number of useful maps are now included in the text, existing chapters have been updated to include recent developments such as the repercussions of the Arab Spring and the global financial crisis, and more detail has been included on the practicalities of conducting foreign policy. The first section of the 2008 edition, focusing on the historical context of US foreign policy, comprised three chapters which respectively explored the history of American foreign relations up to 1945, the Cold War and America’s search for a new role in the 1990s.
The second edition contains a further chapter on the Obama administration and its self-proclaimed use of “smart power,” but the historical context of the George W. Bush administration is ignored. Issues and debates over that period crop up in later chapters, but this significant gap in the historical section is noteworthy, reflecting the general lack of balance throughout the work. 9 The new “Obama and smart power” chapter is authored by Joseph Nye, undoubtedly one of the most influential foreign policy thinkers of the past thirty years, responsible for coining and popularizing the term “soft power.” His piece is clearly argued, concise and it breaks precedent by containing a very good “further reading” section at the end. Despite these strengths, this chapter does somewhat fall short of the editors’ stated goal of achieving balance. Nye worked in the Carter and Clinton administrations and since this book’s publication has joined the Obama administration; he is not an impartial observer. He focuses, rightly, on the problems inherited by the Obama administration, but even Nye’s rose-tinted view of Obama’s first term cannot disguise its lack of achievement.
Nye writes a lot of about Obama building “narratives” and making “symbolic gestures” and gauges his success using international opinion polls. This sounds plausible in theory, but what will the final narrative of America’s involvement in Libya and Syria portray?
10 The other main addition to this edition is the final chapter, “US decline or primacy? A Debate.” The decline thesis is argued by long time “declinist” Layne, whilst the continuing primacy argument is made by Wohlforth and Brooks. Understandably, this format makes this chapter one of the most balanced in the book. A major problem for the ‘declinists’ is that their analysis of today looks strikingly similar to their analysis of the 1980s, with China today standing in for 80s Japan. Since their earlier predictions of US eclipse were (apparently) so wrong, it would be easy to dismiss today’s pessimists, but Layne is prepared for this response. He points out that if the “declinists’ had been listened to in the 80s, today’s problems would look very different. For example, the Great Recession has made their warnings about US debt-fuelled consumption in the 80s appear merely premature, if not prescient.
Even so, Layne makes the same mistake as that made by the gloom-merchants of the 80s: in focusing obsessively on US problems, he ignores the mounting problems faced by the state supposedly set to supersede it. America may have many long-term financial bumps on the horizon, but China, like Japan and the USSR in the 1980s, faces even bigger challenges, not least the prospect of a soon-to-be rapidly ageing population.
11 Wohlforth and Brooks argue that large-scale shifts in power tend to take a long time and caution against exaggerating the effect of the Great Recession. In terms of overstretch, they observe that American military spending is still significantly lower than during the Cold War and, anyway, American commitments can more easily be scaled back, without major reductions in American power, than “declinists” would have us believe. They also contend that American predominance will not be challenged because the gulf between America and its competitors is so large, and America is so benign, that potential competitors have no incentive to attempt to bridge such an expensive gap for such a small gain (conversely, if China attempted to substantially increase its power, other regional states would seek to balance China, thus aiding American hegemony). As with Layne, some of these arguments focus on one area to the detriment of others. For example, comparing today’s defence burden with that during the Cold War is a valid point, but it should not be viewed in isolation: America was not running trillion dollar deficits and facing and imminent social security funding crisis during the Cold War. Nonetheless, both pieces take a forthright stand for their respective positions and the chapter could provide useful readings for seminar discussions on the question of US decline.
The Israeli Lobby And Us Foreign Policy Pdf
12 Overall, this is a well-edited and wide-ranging survey of the key debates, issues and factors driving US foreign policy today. It deserves to be the first point of call for undergraduates looking to quickly and painlessly develop their understanding of US foreign policy for years to come.